Legal arrivals
Eurostat, immigration by citizenship (migr_imm1ctz), 1998 to 2024: people taking up residence in a country for at least a year. Returning nationals are left out. Before 2020 the non-EU total is the sum of the individual nationalities (it matches Eurostat's own total to within 2% for 2020 to 2024); from 2020 it is Eurostat's own total. Coverage grows over time (France from 2006, Romania from 2008), so early totals are lower partly because fewer countries report. Reuse under the Eurostat copyright notice (CC BY 4.0); figures here are summed and filtered.
United Kingdom from 2020
ONS, long-term international migration, provisional (May 2026), Open Government Licence v3.0. Calendar years. Totals only for 2020; from 2021 only the ten largest non-EU nationalities are published. Its method differs from Eurostat's, so a step at 2020 may be partly a change of source. ONS "non-EU+" also leaves out Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and Liechtenstein.
Irregular crossings
Frontex, detections of illegal border-crossings, January 2009 to August 2026. These count crossings detected, not people: one person can be counted more than once. Channel crossings to the UK are not included in Frontex's figures; they come from the Home Office, illegal entry routes to the UK (table IER_D01, small boat arrivals, 2018 to June 2026, Open Government Licence v3.0), which count people arriving rather than crossings. Each route is named after its EU entry points, where people cross into the EU, not after where they set out. Lines join a nationality to its EU entry point and do not trace the journey taken. EU entry points on the map are placed by hand.